Recently, analysis of an axe over
9,000 years old, found at Ireland’s earliest burial site, in Co Limerick,
has provided an insight into the ancient burial practises of our
hunter-gatherer ancestors. The highly-polished stone axe, known as an adze, was
made especially for the funeral of a very important person, whose remains were
cremated and then buried at the site. The axe, believed to be the earliest
fully polished adze in Europe, was only used for a short time, and then
intentionally blunted.
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| 9,000 year old polished axe Hermitage, Co. Limerick |
The burial site on the banks of
the River Shannon at Hermitage, Castleconnell, Co. Limerick, dates to between
7,530 and 7,320 BC. The site was discovered 15 years ago, and contained burial
pits holding the remains of individuals who had been cremated. The grave
appeared to have been marked by an upright post.
Archaeologists believe that this
object was probably specially made for the burial and was used as part of the
funerary rights, possibly to cut the wood for the pyre for the cremation, or to
cut the tree used as the grave post marker.
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| Drawing showing Hermitage polished axe in position next to wooden post marking grave |
More evidence of life during the
Mesolithic Period is gradually becoming known with around twenty important
sites identified around Ireland. Mount Sandel, near Coleraine, Co. Derry, is the oldest
Mesolithic site in Ireland and dates from about 8000 BC. However, the recent announcement that scientists had dated a fragment of butchered bear bone from a cave in Co. Clare to 10,500 BC, may push back the date for human occupation in Ireland by 2,500 years. Archaeologists
discovered the remains of two individuals in Killuragh Cave, Co. Limerick and
these were dated to 7,200-6,500. The early Mesolithic in Ireland runs from 7000
to 5500 BC, and the later Mesolithic from 5500 to 4000 BC.
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| Lough Gara - Co. Sligo |
Closer to home, the survey of
Lough Gara by Christina Fredengren (2002) and a radiocarbon-dating programme
carried out between 1995-2000, together with the artefacts, have shown that
this lake was heavily used during the Mesolithic Period. One of the posts found in this lake produced
a radiocarbon date of 4230–3970 BC, indicating activity in the latest phases of
the Mesolithic. A piece of brushwood from the same area was dated to the early
Mesolithic, showing that there was human activity on the lake around 7330-7050
BC (Fredengren, 2002).
Mesolithic material has been
recovered from other nearby lakes such as: Lough Allen, Co. Leitrim, and
Urlaur, Co. Mayo. These two lakes are connected to Lough Gara via the river
system
The Lough Gara collection of
stone axes is the largest Mesolithic assemblage in the West of Ireland. Killian
Driscoll (2014) points out that evidence for the Mesolithic Period in the West
of Ireland has gone largely unrecognised. In areas such as Lough Gara and Lough
Allan, the extent of the evidence has been overlooked.
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| Image of House Mesolithic Period |
The discovery of this very early
axe offers a rare and intimate glimpse into the complex funerary rituals taking
place on the banks of the Shannon over 9,000 years ago. Burials of the early
Mesolithic period are extremely rare, with only a few examples in Britain,
mainly from caves.
The Hermitage cremations reveal
that ritual played an important part in life and death in the early Mesolithic
period. It is now clear that the production of polished stone axes was also
highly evolved by this time. The strategic location of Hermitage on the bank of
the Shannon provided many important benefits for these early settlers. For
example, they may have controlled a fording-point on the river which would have been a
strategic trading location as well as a diverse catchment area for food. It
also gave assess to the interior of the country by means of Ireland's longest
river.
Tracy Collins and Frank Coyne (2003) Early Mesolithic Cremations at Castleconnell, Co. Limerick. Archaeology Ireland, Vol 17, No.2 (Summer,2003).
Driscoll, K., Menuge, J., and O'Keeffe, E. (2014). New materials, traditional practices: a Mesolithic silicified dolomite toolkit from Lough Allen, Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 114C pp. 1-34.
Christina Fredengren (2002) Crannogs: A study of people's interaction with lakes, with particular reference to Lough Gara in the north-west of Ireland
Driscoll, K., Menuge, J., and O'Keeffe, E. (2014). New materials, traditional practices: a Mesolithic silicified dolomite toolkit from Lough Allen, Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 114C pp. 1-34.
Christina Fredengren (2002) Crannogs: A study of people's interaction with lakes, with particular reference to Lough Gara in the north-west of Ireland
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